REINDEER HUSBANDRY IN THE NENETS AUTONOMOUS OKRUG: PARADIGM SHIFTS

Original article

Download article 

Tatiana M. Romanenko1, Elena N. Bogdanova2

1Naryan-Mar Agriculture Research Station, N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Naryan-Mar, Russia, nmshos@yandex.ru, ORCID 0000-0003-0034-7453

2Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M. V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russia, bogdanova.en@yandex.ru, ORCID 0000-0001-9610-4709

Abstract. The era of accelerating globalization and urbanization has necessitated adaptations in Arctic economic systems. Among the key factors are the active industrial development of Arctic regions, social and cultural shifts among the indigenous peoples of the North, and changes in the modern market. The reindeer husbandry sector developed against the backdrop  of collectivization in the 1930s and market reforms in the 1990s. This study aims to analyze shifts in the economic model  of contemporary reindeer husbandry in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) within the context of global transformations. The research novelty lies in examining the evolutionary transition of reindeer herding farms to a new management system during the Soviet period and investigating the factors influencing its effectiveness. While management improvements resulted in a profound restructuring of the mindset of reindeer herders, the onset of political reforms resulted in the shift  to market relations and the upheaval of the industry during the crisis-ridden years of perestroika. The ensuing decline stemmed from the disintegration of the economic system and the government’s not being ready to search for the right economic reforms. By employing the principal component method, the study identified two primary factors impacting  the unstable nature of meat production: the number of reindeer per herder and the proportion of adult female reindeer  in the herd. In farms facing challenges such as understaffing, low morale, or a high percentage of inexperienced workers, caution should be exercised in adopting advanced techniques. This involves adjusting the reindeer load per herder, managing larger herds, and increasing the number of adult female reindeer in the herd. An individual approach and an analysis  of previous years’ work are crucial to prevent negative trends in production indicators such as the number of calves, adult livestock preservation, and unforeseen loss prevention. Promising directions for future research include an analysis  of the effectiveness of support programs for reindeer herding farms, encompassing both subsidies and trainings for young professionals in the industry.

Keywords: Arctic, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, reindeer husbandry economics, indigenous peoples of the North, management system, reindeer meat production and processing

Acknowledgments: this study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 22-28-01554 titled “Development of Risk Models for the Sustainable Development of the Traditional Economy of the Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic Region of the European North of Russia in the Context of Climate Change”).

For citation: Romanenko T. M., Bogdanova E. N. Reindeer husbandry in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Paradigm shifts. Sever i rynok: formirovanie ekonomicheskogo poryadka [The North and the Market: Forming the Economic Order], 2023,  no. 4, pp. 104–124. doi:10.37614/2220-802X.4.2023.82.008.

References

  1. Huskey L. Challenges to Economic Development: Dimensions of “Remoteness” in the North. Polar Geography, 2005, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 119–125.
  2. Huskey L. Limits to growth: remote regions, remote institutions. Annals of Regional Science, 2006, 40, pp. 147–155.
  3. Zamyatina N. Yu., Pilyasov A. N. Novaya teoriya osvoeniya (prostranstva) Arktiki i Severa: polimasshtabnyi mezhdistsiplinarnyi sintez [A new theory of the development of the Arctic and the North: a multi-scale interdisciplinary synthesis]. Arktika i Sever [Arctic and North], 2018, no. 31, pp. 5–27. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/17238/issn2221-2698.2018.31.5.
  4. Syrovatskii D. I. Ekonomika i organizatsiya olenevodcheskogo proizvodstva [Reindeer herding economics and management]. Yakutsk, 2000, 408 p. (In Russ.).
  5. Klokov K. B., Antonov E. V. Etnokul’turno-landshaftnoe raionirovanie traditsionnogo severnogo olenevodstva v razreze munitsipal’nykh obrazovanii Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Ethnocultural landscapes zoning of traditional reindeer husbandry in the context of municipalities of the Russian Federation]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Nauki o Zemle [Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Geosciences], 2022, no. 67 (4), pp. 696–713. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.408.
  6. Vostryakov P. N. Zarubezhnyi opyt severnogo olenevodstva [Reindeer husbandry: International experience]. Povyshenie produktivnosti severnogo olenevodstva [Increasing the productivity of reindeer husbandry]. Moscow, Kolos, 1975, pp. 76–91. (In Russ.).
  7. D’yachenko N. O., Mukhachev A. D., Arshavskii S. A. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po izgorodnomu soderzhaniyu olenei [Methodological recommendations for reindeer fencing]. Noril’sk, 1974, 31 p. (In Russ.).
  8. Ivanova G. V., Mashistova P. A., Gavrilova A. V. Izgorodi na olen’ikh pastbishchakh Murmanskoi olenevodcheskoi opytnoi stantsii [Reindeer fencing at the Murmansk reindeer herding experimental station]. Murmansk, MOOS, 1973, vol. 2, pp. 97–103. (In Russ.).
  9. Perevalova E. V. Transformatsiya traditsionnykh tekhnologii i priemov vypasa olenei na Kol’skom poluostrove v XX — nachale XXI v. [Transformation of traditional techniques and methods of reindeer grazing on the Kola Peninsula in the 20th — early 21st centuries]. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of archeology, anthropology and ethnography], 2021, no. 3 (54), pp. 206–217. (In Russ.).
  10. Vladimirov L. N. Tekhnologiya izgorodnogo razvedeniya severnykh olenei v taezhnoi zone Tsentral’noi Yakutii [A reindeer fencing technique in the taiga zone of Central Yakutia]. Agrarnyi vestnik Urala [Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals], 2007, no. 6 (42), pp. 31–33. (In Russ.).
  11. Mukhachev A. D. Sostoyanie i perspektivy izgorodnogo soderzhaniya olenei na Krainem Severe [Reindeer fencing in the Far North: Current status and prospects]. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii byulleten’ SO VASKhNIL [Research and technology bulletin of the V. I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences], 1981, no. 19, pp. 3–10.  (In Russ.).
  12. Ivanov V. A. Sostoyanie, problemy i napravleniya razvitiya severnogo olenevodstva [Reindeer husbandry: current status, issues, and development directions]. Korporativnoe upravlenie i innovatsionnoe razvitie ekonomiki Severa. Vestnik Nauchno-issledovatel’skogo tsentra korporativnogo prava, upravleniya i venchurnogo investirovaniya Syktyvkarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Corporate governance and innovation-driven development of the economy of the North. Bulletin of the Research Center for Corporate Law, Management and Venture Investment of Syktyvkar State University], 2013, no. 4, pp. 9–25. (In Russ.).
  13. Sterlikov F. F. Modeli khozyaistvovaniya [Models of economic management]. Ekonomicheskaya teoriya [Economic theory], 2012, no. 3 (88), pp. 51–55. (In Russ.).
  14. Marin A. F. Confined and sustainable? A critique of recent pastoral policy for reindeer herding in Finnmark, Northern Norway. Nomadic Peoples, 2006, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 209–232.
  15. Johnsen K. I. Conflicting knowledges, competing worldviews: Norwegian governance of Sámi reindeer husbandry in West Finnmark, Norway, 2018.
  16. Johnsen K. I., Benjaminsen T. A. The art of governing and everyday resistance: “rationalization” of Sámi reindeer husbandry in Norway since the 1970s. Acta Borealia, 2017, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–25.
  17. Williams S. M. Tradition and change in the sub-arctic: Sami reindeer herding in the modern era. Scandinavian Studies, 2003, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 229–256.
  18. Riseth J. Å. Sami reindeer management in Norway: Modernization challenges and conflicting strategies. Reflections upon the co-management alternative. Indigenous Peoples: Resource Management and Global Rights, Netherlands, Delft, Eburon Academic Publishers, 2003, pp. 229–247.
  19. Reinert E. S. The economics of reindeer herding: Saami entrepreneurship between cyclical sustainability and the powers of state and oligopolies. British Food Journal, 2006, vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 522–540.
  20. Berg B. A. Government intervention into Sámi Reindeer‐management in Norway: Has it prevented or provoked ‘tragedies of the commons’? Acta borealia, 1996, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 69–89.
  21. Löf A. Raitio K., Forbes B. C., Labba K., Landauer M., Risvoll C., Sarkki S. Unpacking reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland. Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change: Pastoralism in Fennoscandia, 2022, vol. 150.
  22. Kjærgård R., Tennefoss K., Robersten E., Haldorsen I. Career reflections in Sámi Reindeer Herding in the field of Tension Between Tradition and Innovation. Indian Journal of Career and Livelihood Planning. Hentet, 2022, 10, p. 23.
  23. Johnsen K. I., Mathiesen S. D., Eira I. M. G. Sámi reindeer governance in Norway as competing knowledge systems. Ecology and Society, 2017, vol. 22, no. 4.
  24. Sarkki S., Komu T., Heikkinen H. I., García N. A., Lépy É., Herva V. P. Applying a synthetic approach to the resilience of Finnish reindeer herding as a changing livelihood. Ecology and Society, 2016, vol. 21, no. 4.
  25. Axelsson-Linkowski W., FjellströmM., Sandström C., Westin A. Shifting strategies between generations in Sami reindeer husbandry: The challenges of maintaining traditions while adapting to a changing context.  Human Ecology, 2020, vol. 48, pp. 481–490.
  26. Finstad G. L., Kielland K. K., Schneider W. S. Reindeer herding in transition: historical and modern day challenges for Alaskan reindeer herders. Nomadic Peoples, 2006, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 31–49.
  27. Lashov B. V. O perevode na osedlost’ korennogo naseleniya v Nenetskom avtonomnom okruge [On the shift towards sedentism among the indigenous population in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug]. Trudy instituta. T. XI. Voprosy sel’skokhozyaistvennogo osvoeniya Krainego Severa [Proceedings of the Institute. Volume XI. Issues of agricultural development of the Far North]. Norilsk, Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture  of the Far North of the Ministry of Production and Procurement of Agricultural Products of the RSFSR, 1963,   5–12. (In Russ.).
  28. Klokov K. B. Changes in reindeer population numbers in Russia: an effect of the political context or of climate? Rangifer, 2012, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 19–33.
  29. Mathiesen S. D., Eira I. M. G., Turi E. I., Oskal A., Pogodaev M., Tonkopeeva M. Reindeer Husbandry Adaptation to the Changing Arctic. Volume 1, Springer Cham, Springer Polar Sciences, 2022, 277 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17625-8.
  30. Ivanova M. V., Patsiya E. Ya., Shabalina O. V. Nekotorye osobennosti traditsionnogo domokhozyaistva Kol’skogo poluostrova kontsa XIX — pervoi poloviny XX vv [Some features of the traditional household of the Kola Peninsula: From the late XIX century to the first half of the XX century]. Trudy Kol’skogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN [Bulleting of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences], 2018, vol. 9, no. 2–13, pp. 31–36. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25702/KSC.2307-5252.2018.9.2.30-37.
  31. Volzhanina E. A. Puti perekhoda s kochevogo na osedlyi obraz zhizni i obratno na Yamale v pervoi treti 30-kh gg. XX v. [Paths of transition from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle and back in Yamal in the first third of the 1930s]. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of Archeology, Anthropology and Ethnography], 2013, 2 (21), pp. 98–104. (In Russ.).
  32. Dolgikh B. O. Proiskhozhdenie dolgan [Origin of the Dolgans]. Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbornik [Siberian ethnographic collection], vol. V. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1963, pp. 92–141. (In Russ.).
  33. D’yachenko V. I. Okhotniki vysokikh shirot: dolgany i severnye yakuty [Hunters from Northern latitudes: Dolgans and northern Yakuts]. Saint Petersburg, Evropeiskii Dom [European House], 2005, 272 p. (In Russ.).
  34. Atlasova A. A. Izmeneniya traditsionnogo uklada zhizni tungusov Yakutii v khode ustanovleniya sovetskoi vlasti [Changes in the traditional way of life of the Tungus of Yakutia during the establishment of Soviet power]. Vestnik SVFU [Bulletin of NEFU], 2021, no. 3 (23), pp. 40–43. (In Russ.).
  35. Osvoenie Severnogo morskogo puti i zadachi sel’skogo khozyaistva Krainego Severa [Development of the Northern Sea Route and the problems of agriculture in the Far North]. Izbrannye trudy: Geograficheskie raboty [Selected works: Geographical works]. Moscow, 1966, p. 190. (In Russ.).
  36. Materialy po zemleustroistvu Krainego Severa. T. II. Markovskii i Anadyrskii raiony Chukotskogo Okruga [Materials on land management in the Far North. Vol. II. Markovsky and Anadyrsky districts of the Chukotka Area]. Moscow, Poligrafkniga, 1938, 211 p. (In Russ.).
  37. Kolomiets O. P., Nuvano V. N. Chukotskoe olenevodstvo v kontse XIX — pervoi polovine XX v. [Reindeer husbandry in Chukotka from the late XIX century to the first half of the XX century]. Tomskii zhurnal lingvisticheskikh i antropologicheskikh issledovanii [Tomsk Journal of Linguistic and Anthropological Research], 2017, no. 4 (18), 76–88. (In Russ.).
  38. Leonenko I. I. Sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya olenevodstva v Nenetskom natsional’nom okruge [Reindeer husbandry in the Nenets National Okrug: Current status and development prospects]. Trudy Nar’yan-Marskoj SKHOS [Proceedings of the Naryan-Mar SHOS], 1964, vol. 1. (In Russ.).
  39. Klokov K. B. Raznonapravlennost’ trendov v traditsionnom olenevodstve narodov Sibiri i Arktiki [Multidirectional trends in traditional reindeer husbandry of the peoples of Siberia and the Arctic]. Energiya Arktiki i Sibiri: ispol’zovanie resursov v kontekste sotsial’no-ekonomicheskikh izmenenii [Energy of the Arctic and Siberia: The use of resources in the context of socio-economic changes]. Moscow, Publishing House of Eastern Literature, 2020, pp. 49–86. (In Russ.).
  40. Upravlenie Federal’noi sluzhby gosudarstvennoi statistiki po Arkhangel’skoi oblasti i Nenetskomu avtonomnomu okrugu [Department of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Arkhangelsk Region and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug]. (In Russ.). URL: https://29.rosstat.gov.ru/grp111.
  41. Granberg A. G. Ekonomicheskoe prostranstvo Rossii [Economic space of Russia]. Ekonomika I upravlenie [Economics and management], 2006, no. 2 (23), pp. 11–15. (In Russ.).
  42. Bukhalkov M. I. Sistema vzaimodeistviya organizatsii truda i proizvodstva na predpriyatii [A system of interaction between labor management and production management]. Organizator proizvodstva [Production manager], 2007, no. 2 (33), p. 3. (In Russ.).
  43. Taylor F. W. The principles of scientific management. New York, London, Harper & Brothers, 1911.
  44. Nauchnaya organizatsiya truda i proizvodstva i sistema Teilora. [Scientific labor and production management and Taylor’s system]. Archived June 12, 2021 on the Wayback Machine. 4th ed., Moscow, Gosizd., 1925, 380 p. (In Russ.).
  45. Gastev A. K. Kak nado rabotat’ [How to work]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 1972. (In Russ.).
  46. Mukhachev A. D., Roslyakov A. P. Organizatsiya proizvodstva i oplata truda v olenevodstve v svyazi s izmeneniem pastbishchnykh uslovii na Taimyre [Production management and remuneration in reindeer husbandry in connection with changes in pasture conditions in Taimyr]. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii byulleten’ SOVASKhNIL [Research and technology bulletin of SOVASKhNIL], 1984, no. 34, pp. 11–17. (In Russ.).
  47. Syrovatskii D. I., Karelov A. M., Mukhachev A. D. Organizatsionno-tekhnologicheskaya karta sistemy stadnogo soderzhaniya severnykh olenei. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii [A management map of a reindeer herding system. Methodological recommendations]. Novosibirsk, 1979. (In Russ.).
  48. Vinokurova L. I. Sovkhozy arkticheskoi Yakutii v 1960–1970-e gg.: politika i lyudi [State farms of Arctic Yakutia in the 1960-1970s: Politics and people]. Obshchestvo: filosofiya, istoriya, kul’tura [Society: philosophy, history, culture], 2021, no. 12 (92), pp. 103–107. (In Russ.).
  49. Vinokurov I. N., Alekseev E. D., Alekseev A. A. Tekhnologiya vypasa olenei i okhrana rastitel’nosti v usloviyakh gorno-taezhnoi zony Yakutii [Reindeer grazing and vegetation protection in the mountain-taiga zone of Yakutia]. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya [Fundamental research], 2014, no. 6–4, pp. 776–779. (In Russ.).
  50. Kolomiets O. P., Nuvano V. N. Chukotskoe olenevodstvo v kontse XIX — pervoi polovine XX v. [Reindeer husbandry in Chukotka from the late XIX century to the first half of the XX century]. Tomskii zhurnal lingvisticheskikh i antropologicheskikh issledovanii [Tomsk Journal of Linguistic and Anthropological Research], 2017, no. 4 (18), 76–88. (In Russ.).
  51. Gritsenko G. M., Lobanova O. V. Printsipy formirovaniya sistemy myasoproduktovogo podkompleksa na territoriyakh Krainego Severa [Principles of developing a meat production subsystem in the territories of the Far North]. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK [Achievements of science and technology of the agro-industrial complex], 2017, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 101–106. (In Russ.).
  52. Sistema vedeniya sel’skogo i promyslovogo khozyaistva v Nenetskom natsional’nom okruge [A system of agricultural and commercial farming in the Nenets National Okrug]. Naryan-Mar, Naryan-Mar Agricultural Experimental Station, RTP, Type VIR, 1975, 124. (In Russ.).
  53. Filippov F. P. Vnedrenie kompleksa peredovykh priemov vedeniya olenevodstva. Nauchnyi otchet Nar’yan-Marskoi sel’skokhozyaistvennoi opytnoi stantsii za 1968 g. [Introduction of a combination of advanced reindeer husbandry methods. A scientific report of the Naryan-Mar agricultural experimental station for 1968]. Naryan-Mar, 1968, 48 p. (In Russ.).
  54. Degteva A., Okotetto E., Slepushkin I., Romanenko T., Borodina A., Mathiesen S. D. Reindeer Husbandry Trends: Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Western Finnmark. Reindeer Husbandry Adaptation to the Changing Arctic. Volume 2. Springer Cham, Springer Polar Sciences, 2023, pp. 169–187.
  55. Anufriev G. S. Mikrosmennaya organizatsiya truda v olenevodstve [Microshift labor management in reindeer husbandry]. Arkhangelsk, CNTI, 1989, pp. 2– (In Russ.).
  56. Jolliffe I. T., Cadima J. Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2016, 374 (2065), 20150202, Bibcode:37450202J.
  57. Ponomarev A. S. Opyt vypasa olenei smennymi zven’yami v kolkhozakh Nenetskogo natsional’nogo okruga [Reindeer herding in shifts on collective farms of the Nenets National Okrug]. Materialy zonal’nogo nauchno-metodicheskogo soveshchaniya rabotnikov nauchno-issledovatel’skikh sel’skokhozyaistvennykh uchrezhdenii Krainego Severa. Trudy Instituta [Materials of a regional scientific and methodological meeting of workers of scientific research agricultural institutions of the Far North. Proceedings of the Institute]. Norilsk, 1963, vol. XII, pp. 123–128. (In Russ.).
  58. Sel’skokhozyaistvennoe osvoenie Krainego Severa. Trudy Nar’yan-Marskoi sel’skokhozyaistvennoi stantsii. 1 [Agricultural development of the Far North. Proceedings of the Naryan-Mar Agricultural Station. Vol. 1]. Norilsk, Naryan-Mar, NII sel’skogo khozyaistva Krainego Severa Ministerstva proizvodstva i zagotovok sel’skokhozyaistvennykh produktov RSFSR [Research Institute for Agriculture of the Far North of the Ministry of Production and Procurement of Agricultural Products of the RSFSR], 1964, pp. 53–61. (In Russ.).
  59. Ponomarev A. S. Novaya sistema organizatsii vypasa olenei: smennyi vypas olenei [A new system for reindeer grazing management: Using shifts]. Nauch.-issled. in-t sel. khozyaistva Krainego Severa. Nar’yan-Marskaya s.-kh. opyt. stantsiya [Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North. Naryan-Mar Agricultural Experimental Station]. Naryan-Mar, 1963, 11 p. (In Russ.).
  60. Lavrinenko I. A., Lavrinenko O. V., Romanenko T. M. Tekhnologiya geobotanicheskogo kartirovaniya rastitel’nogo pokrova olen’ikh pastbishch Evropeiskogo Severa s ispol’zovaniem mnogozonal’noi kosmicheskoi s”emki [A technique for the geobotanical mapping of the vegetation cover of reindeer pastures in the European North using multispectral space photography]. Naryan-Mar, 2009, 19 p. (In Russ.).
  61. Golovnev A. V. Challenges to Arctic Nomadism: Yamal Nenets Facing Climate Change Era Calamities. Arctic Anthropology, 2017, 54 (2), 40–51. URL: https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/692267.
  62. Forbes B. C., Kumpula T., Meschtyb N. Sea ice, rain-on-snow and tundra reindeer nomadism in Arctic Russia. Biol Lett., 2016, Nov., 12 (11), 20160466. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0466.
  63. Doklad “O sostoyanii i okhrane okruzhayushchei sredy Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga v 2016 godu” [Report “On the current status and protection of the environment of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2016”]. Departament prirodnykh resursov, ekologii i agropromyshlennogo kompleksa Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga [Department of Natural Resources, Ecology and Agro-Industrial Complex of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug]. Naryan-Mar, 2017. (In Russ.).
  64. Pristupa O., Lamers M., Tysiachniouk M. & Amelung B. Reindeer Herders Without Reindeer. The Challenges of Joint Knowledge Production on Kolguev Island in the Russian Arctic. Society & Natural Resources, 2019, 32 (3),  pp. 338–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2018.1505012.
  65. Davydov A. N., Mikhailova G. Climate change and consequences in the Arctic: perception of climate change by the Nenets people of Vaigach Island. Global Health Action, 2011, no. 4.
  66. Bogdanova E., Andronov S., Soromotin A., Detter G., Sizov O., Hossain K., Raheem D., Lobanov A. The Impact of Climate Change on the Food (In)security of the Siberian Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic: Environmental and Health Risks. Sustainability, 2021, 13, 2561. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052561.
  67. Vylko Yu. P. Kontseptual’nyi podkhod k ratsional’nomu ispol’zovaniyu olen’ikh pastbishch v Kaninskoi, Timanskoi i Malozemel’skoi tundrakh Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga [A conceptual approach to the rational use of reindeer pastures in the Kaninskaya, Timanskaya and Malozemelskaya tundras of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug]. Universum: Obshchestvennye nauki: elektron. nauchn. zhurn. [Universum: Social Sciences: E-journal], 2014, 10–11 (11). (In Russ.). URL: http://7universum.com/ru/social/archive/item/1769.
  68. Ledkov N. E. K istorii nenetskogo natsional’nogo okruga. Sel’skokhozyaistvennoe osvoenie Krainego Severa [On the history of the Nenets national district. Agricultural development of the Far North]. Trudy Nar’yan-Marskoi sel’skokhozyaistvennoi stantsii. Vyp. 1 [Agricultural development of the Far North. Proceedings of the Naryan-Mar Agricultural Station. Vol. 1]. Norilsk, Naryan-Mar, NII sel’skogo khozyaistva Krainego Severa Ministerstva proizvodstva i zagotovok sel’skokhozyaistvennykh produktov RSFSR [Research Institute for Agriculture of the Far North of the Ministry of Production and Procurement of Agricultural Products of the RSFSR], 1964,   53–61. (In Russ.).
  69. Box G. E. P., Meyer R. D. An Analysis for Unreplicated Fractional Factorials. Technometrics, 1986, 28 (1), 11–18, https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1986.10488093.
  70. Dwyer M. J., Istomin K. V. Theories of Nomadic Movement: A New Theoretical Approach for Understanding the Movement Decisions of Nenets and Komi Reindeer Herders. Human Ecology, 2008, 36, pp. 521–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9169-2.